SUBJ: Determining which changes are drivers of aging remains a challenge.
SUBtitle: 2.. Fasting as a cancer treatment has increasing interest.
One good husband is worth two good wives; for the scarcer things are, the more they’re valued. – Benjamin Franklin
By year 2030, will your college campus (and mine too) really turn into a “hippocampus?
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SHORT NOTES:
1.. Determining which changes are drivers and not passengers of aging remains a challenge.
2.. Fasting as a potential cancer treatment has garnered increasing interest.
3..Theory Biological level Description-16 causes
4..In the 20th century, human life expectancy at birth rose about 30 years.
5..Psychedelic mushrooms extended the cellular lifespan of
human skin and lung cells by more than 50%.
6..Human stem cels delay aging in monkeys.
7..Many cases of mental illness resist treatment. Low estrogen and testosterone may be the reason.
8..The Politicization Of Immunization Recommendations Thimerosal preservative in vaccinations is not cause of autism.
9..Of the country, I still believe we can be. Not the version corrupted by fear and power, but the one shaped by courage, compassion, and possibility.
10..The major cuts in the Medicaid are going to disproportionately affect rural hospitals.
11..How To Create Anxiety When Seeing Your Physician.
12..Stop using those disposable plastic bags and the plastic wrap.
13..The Very Bad – The absolute total lack of bi-partisan leadership.
14..Five core biological rules that appear to govern the structure and behavior of cells.
LONG NOTES:
From João Pedro de Magalhães articles on aging: Determining
which changes are drivers and not passengers of aging remains a challenge, The process of aging has captivated both scientists and the public for centuries. Over 2,000 years ago, Aristotle was possibly the first to show a theoretical interest in the causes of human and animal aging. We now know of over 2,000 genes and over 1,000 drugs and compounds that modulate longevity in model organisms. Researchers have employed various other metrics to quantify aging in humans and animals, including functional assays,vtissue degeneration and the incidence of aging-related diseases. None of these metrics are perfect, however. Mechanisms include molecular changes that have been a major focus of research such as oxidative damage (a), epigenetic changes (b), loss of protein homeostasis (c), mitochondrial dysfunction (d), telomere shortening (e) and DNA damage (f) as well as cellular changes (g) affecting stem cells, cellular senescence and the immune system. These putative mechanisms of aging are not mutually exclusive and are likely interconnected.
Overall, there is a pressing and unmet need for a robust theoretical framework in ageing research. Although everyone is familiar with the ageing process, defining it is not straightforward. Human ageing is a complex process involving a variety of changes at different biological levels, affecting virtually every organ in the body. Error-based theories of ageing revolve around the idea that ageing is thevresult of a gradual build-up of errors or damage from internal or environmental insults. Error-based theories of ageing revolve around the idea that ageing is the result of a gradual build-up of errors9 or damage from internal or environmental insults.
Theory Biological level Description
1..Error-based theories of ageing
2..Wear and tear Any Stress and other insults of many types cause a gradual accumulation of damage and loss of function
3..DNA damage theory Molecular Damage to the DNA, including mutations, accumulates with age and drives ageing phenotypes
4..Free radical theory Molecular Gradual oxidative stress and damage to macromolecules with age causes ageing
5..Telomere Molecular Telomeres gradually shorten with age and drive ageing
6..Mitochondria Molecular Mitochondria accumulate damage with age, which could include mutations and oxidative damage, leading to their gradual dysfunction
7..Protein damage Molecular Faulty proteins build up with age and cause ageing
8..Epigenetics Molecular Epigenetic damage accumulates and drives ageing
9..Error catastrophe theory Molecular Errors in DNA transcription lead to faulty proteins, which then cause further errors in transcription in a self-amplifying loop that eventually results in ageing
10..Information loss theory Molecular Could refer to error accumulation in basic cell machineries and the self-amplification of these errors or the DNA damage-driven loss of epigenetic information.
11..Dysdifferentiation hypothesis Cellular Cells in tissues gradually become less differentiated, leading to a loss of homeostasis and function
12..Cellular senescence Cellular Non-dividing senescent cells accumulate with age and cause ageing phenotypes
13..Stem cell Cellular Depletion and/or dysfunction of stem cells with age drives ageing
14..Immunologic theory- Organ (immune system) Immune system dysfunction and higher inflammation with age drive ageing phenotypes
15..Energy consumption hypothesis – Organ or whole organism – Organisms possess a finite reserve of some vital substance, which gets depleted over time
16..Rate-of-living theory -Whole organism – Organisms with a higher metabolic rate age faster due to a faster accumulation of damage
Program-based theories of ageing
Neuroendocrine theory Organ (brain and gonads)
Hormones that regulate reproduction also control ageing110
Software design flaw hypothesis or hyperfunction theory
Whole organism Ageing is a quasi-program102, a continuation of the development
Testing mechanistic theories experimentally remains challenging due to the lack of the technological means to accurately quantify many relevant processes, such as cellular senescence or DNA damage, in human tissues.
Over the course of the twentieth century, human life expectancy at birth rose in high-income nations by approximately 30 years, largely driven by advances in public health and medicine. Mortality reduction was observed initially at an early age and continued into middle and older ages. However, it was unclear whether this phenomenon and the resulting accelerated rise in life expectancy would continue into the twenty-first century. Here using demographic survivorship metrics from national vital statistics in the eight countries with the longest-lived populations (Australia, France, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland) and in Hong Kong and the United States from 1990 to 2019, we explored recent trends in death rates and life expectancy. We found that, since 1990, improvements overall in life expectancy have decelerated. Our analysis also revealed that resistance to improvements in life expectancy increased while lifespan inequality declined and mortality compression occurred. Our analysis suggests that survival to age 100 years is unlikely to exceed 15% for females and 5% for males, altogether suggesting that, unless the processes of biological aging can be markedly slowed, radical human life extension is implausible in this century.
The concept of fasting as a potential cancer treatment has garnered increasing interest, particularly in light of emerging evidence linking dietary interventions to cancer progression and therapy outcomes. While fasting may hold promise as a supportive therapy, particularly in combination with traditional treatments, there is currently insufficient evidence to support its use as a primary treatment modality.”A newly published study in Nature Partner Journals’ Aging demonstrates
that psilocin, a byproduct of consuming psilocybin, the active
ingredient in psychedelic mushrooms, extended the cellular lifespan of
human skin and lung cells by more than 50%.
Science 10 july pg 139 Human stem cels delay aging in monkeys. A likely cause of aging is the reduced restorative capacity of stem cells. Human stem cells transplanted into aged monkeys, promoted measurable improvement in cognitive measures and younger reproductive cells.
The Economist July 12 pg 67 – Hormones hijack the mind-Many cases of mental illness, esp. depression, resist treatment. Low estrogen and testosterone may be the reason. Pg 70-. [The Politicization Of Immunization Recommendations] Thimerosal preservative in vaccinations is not cause of autism. It is now rarely used, only at low concentrations, and is vital to effective vaccinations in remote areas
From Kevin: In response to the passage of the BBB legislation: “Yet, even in that moment of heaviness, I was reminded of what I’m fighting for. Of the country, I still believe we can be. Not the version corrupted by fear and power, but the one shaped by courage, compassion, and possibility.
The major cuts in the Medicaid programs are going to disproportionately affect rural hospitals.
How To Create Anxiety When Seeing Your Physician – The July 2, 2025 issue of Time has an interesting article entitled: “Just One More Thing”. I mention it because in my last visit to my primary care physician, I used the exact words mentioned in the article.
Stop using those disposable plastic bags and the plastic wrap we use in the kitchen. Instead, adopt the use of reusable storage items (e.g. glass, not plastic) for saving those leftovers and keeping other items fresh.
The Very Bad – The absolute total lack of bi-partisan leadership for solving the internecine wars in Congress between the Democrats and Republicans.
After running many simulations and refining their models, the team identified five core biological rules that appear to govern the structure and behavior of cells:
- Timing of cell division.
- The order in which cells divide.
- The direction cells divide and move.
- How many times cells divide.
- How long a cell lives before it dies.
“These rules work together like choreography,”
